The 1901 Pan-American Exposition, held in Buffalo, New York, celebrated the United States’ territorial and technological growth in a carnival atmosphere—supremacy with a side of cotton candy. People from various cultures and countries, from Asians to Africans to Native Americans, were displayed in “living villages,” exhibitions that would be replicated at the 1904 World’s Fair in St. Louis and elsewhere. Among the saddest stories of the event was the kidnapping for ransom of a Filipino boy who had been living with his father in the Filipino village. He was found a few days later.